Higher Classification: > Kingdom Chromista > Subkingdom Harosa > Infrakingdom Alveolata > Phylum Myzozoa > Subphylum Dinozoa > Infraphylum Dinoflagellata > Class Dinophyceae > Order Prorocentrales > Family Prorocentraceae > Genus Prorocentrum

Prorocentrum lima (Ehrenberg) F.Stein, 1878

Rank: Species
Taxon Status: accepted

Relationships towards this taxon

Genus group names

*Prorocentrum*	Ehrenberg, 1834	accepted genus name
*Exuviaella*	Cienkowski, 1881	synonym

Species group names

*Cryptomonas lima*	Ehrenberg, 1860	basionym
*Exuviaella marina*	Cienkowski, 1881	synonym
*Prorocentrum marinum*	(Cienkowski) Steidinger & Williams ex Head, 1996	synonym

Literature

additional source	Lakkis, S. (2011). Le phytoplancton marin du Liban (Méditerranée orientale): biologie, biodiversité, biogéographie. Aracne: Roma. ISBN 978-88-548-4243-4. 293 pp.
additional source	Moestrup, Ø., Akselman, R., Cronberg, G., Elbraechter, M., Fraga, S., Halim, Y., Hansen, G., Hoppenrath, M., Larsen, J., Lundholm, N., Nguyen, L. N., Zingone, A. (Eds) (2009 onwards). IOC-UNESCO Taxonomic Reference List of Harmful Micro Algae.
additional source	Hoppenrath, M.; Chomérat, N.; Horiguchi, T.; Schweikert, M.; Nagahama, Y.; Murray, S. (2013). Taxonomy and phylogeny of the benthic Prorocentrum species (Dinophyceae)—A proposal and review. Harmful Algae. 27: 1-28.
additional source	Hoppenrath, M.; Murray, S. A.; Chomérat, N.; Horiguchi, T. (2014). Marine benthic dinoflagellates - unravelling their worldwide biodiversity. Kleine Senckenberg-Reihe. 54: 1-276.
additional source	Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2025). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. searched on YYYY-MM-DD.
additional source	Liu, J.Y. [Ruiyu] (ed.). (2008). Checklist of marine biota of China seas. China Science Press. 1267 pp.
additional source	Chang, F.H.; Charleston, W.A.G.; McKenna, P.B.; Clowes, C.D.; Wilson, G.J.; Broady, P.A. (2012). Phylum Myzozoa: dinoflagellates, perkinsids, ellobiopsids, sporozoans, in: Gordon, D.P. (Ed.) (2012). New Zealand inventory of biodiversity: 3. Kingdoms Bacteria, Protozoa, Chromista, Plantae, Fungi. pp. 175-216.
additional source	Chomérat, N.; Bilien, G.; Zentz, F. (2019). A taxonomical study of benthic Prorocentrum species (Prorocentrales, Dinophyceae) from Anse Dufour (Martinique Island, eastern Caribbean Sea). Marine Biodiversity. 49(3): 1299-1319.
additional source	Tomas, C.R. (Ed.). (1997). Identifying marine phytoplankton. Academic Press: San Diego, CA [etc.] (USA). ISBN 0-12-693018-X. XV, 858 pp.
additional source	Steidinger, K.A. & Meave del Castillo, M.E. (Eds.). (2018). Guide to the identification of harmful micoalgae in the Gulf of Mexico. St. Petersburg, FL: DiggyPOD, Inc.
additional source	Steidinger, K. A., M. A. Faust, and D. U. Hernández-Becerril. 2009. Dinoflagellates (Dinoflagellata) of the Gulf of Mexico, Pp. 131–154 in Felder, D.L. and D.K. Camp (eds.), Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and Biota. Biodiversity. Texas A&M Press, College
additional source	Brandt, S. (2001). Dinoflagellates, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 47-53
redescription	Nagahama, Y. & Fukuyo, Y. 2005. Redescription of Cryptomonas lima, collected from Sorrento, Italy, the basionym of Prorocentrum lima. Plankton Biol. Ecol. 52: 107-109.
toxicology source	Murakami Y., Oshima Y. & Yasumoto T. 1982. Identification of okadaic acid as a toxic component of a marine dinoflagellate Prorocentrum lima. Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish. 48: 69-72.
toxicology source	Tindall D.R., Dickey R.D., Carlson R.D. & Morey-Gaines G. 1984. Ciguatoxigenic dinoflagellates from the Caribbean Sea. In: Seafood Toxins (Ed. by E.P. Ragelis), pp. 225-240. Am. Chem. Soc., Washington.
toxicology source	Torigoe K., Murata M. & Yasumoto T. 1988. Prorocentrolide, a toxic nitrogenous macrocycle from a marine dinoflagellate. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 110 : 7876-7877.
ecology source	Leles, S. G.; Mitra, A.; Flynn, K. J.; Tillmann, U.; Stoecker, D.; Jeong, H. J.; Burkholder, J.; Hansen, P. J.; Caron, D. A.; Glibert, P. M.; Hallegraeff, G.; Raven, J. A.; Sanders, R. W.; Zubkov, M. (2019). Sampling bias misrepresents the biogeographical significance of constitutive mixotrophs across global oceans. Global Ecology and Biogeography. 28(4): 418-428.
ecology source	Mitra, A.; Caron, D. A.; Faure, E.; Flynn, K. J.; Leles, S. G.; Hansen, P. J.; McManus, G. B.; Not, F.; Do Rosario Gomes, H.; Santoferrara, L. F.; Stoecker, D. K.; Tillmann, U. (2023). The Mixoplankton Database (MDB): Diversity of photo‐phago‐trophic plankton in form, function, and distribution across the global ocean. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 70(4).
ecology source	Faust, M.A. (1998). Mixotrophy in tropical benthic dinoflagellates. In: Reguera, B., Blanco, J., Fernandez, L., Wyatt, T. (Eds.), Harmful Algae. Proceedings of the VIII International Conference on Harmful Algae, Vigo, Spain, 1997, Xunta de Galicia and Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, Paris, France, pp. 390–393.

Genbank

Taxonomy

Published in AlgaeBase

Citation

Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2025). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway (taxonomic information republished from AlgaeBase with permission of M.D. Guiry). Prorocentrum lima (Ehrenberg) F.Stein, 1878. Via: Costello, M.J.; Bouchet, P.; Boxshall, G.; Arvantidis, C.; Appeltans, W. (2011) European Register of Marine Species, Accessed through PESI at http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:110301