Higher Classification: > Kingdom Chromista > Subkingdom Harosa > Infrakingdom Alveolata > Phylum Myzozoa > Subphylum Dinozoa > Infraphylum Dinoflagellata > Class Dinophyceae > Subclass Peridiniphycidae > Order Gonyaulacales > Family Pyrocystaceae > Subfamily Ostreopsidoideae > Genus Alexandrium

Alexandrium monilatum (J.F.Howell) Balech, 1995

Rank: Species
Taxon Status: accepted

Relationships towards this taxon

Genus group names

*Alexandrium*	Halim, 1960	accepted genus name
*Gessnerium*	Halim ex Halim, 1967	synonym
*Protogonyaulax*	F.J.R.Taylor, 1979	synonym

Species group names

*Gonyaulax monilata*	J.F.Howell, 1953	basionym

Literature

basis of record	Gómez, F. (2005). A list of free-living dinoflagellate species in the world's oceans. Acta Bot. Croat. 64(1): 129-212.
additional source	Balech, E. (2002). Dinoflagelados tecados tóxicos en el Cono Sur Americano. In: Sar, E.A., Ferrario, M.E. & Reguera, B. (Eds.). Floraciones Algales Nocivas en el Cono Sur Americano. Instituto Español de Oceanografía. pp. 123-144.
additional source	Moestrup, Ø., Akselman, R., Cronberg, G., Elbraechter, M., Fraga, S., Halim, Y., Hansen, G., Hoppenrath, M., Larsen, J., Lundholm, N., Nguyen, L. N., Zingone, A. (Eds) (2009 onwards). IOC-UNESCO Taxonomic Reference List of Harmful Micro Algae.
additional source	Rogers, J. E.; Leblond, J. D.; Moncreiff, C. A. (2006). Phylogenetic relationship of Alexandrium monilatum (Dinophyceae) to other Alexandrium species based on 18S ribosomal RNA gene sequences. Harmful Algae. 5(3): 275-280.
additional source	Steidinger, K. A., M. A. Faust, and D. U. Hernández-Becerril. 2009. Dinoflagellates (Dinoflagellata) of the Gulf of Mexico, Pp. 131–154 in Felder, D.L. and D.K. Camp (eds.), Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and Biota. Biodiversity. Texas A&M Press, College
additional source	Gómez, F. (2005). A list of free-living dinoflagellate species in the world's oceans. Acta Bot. Croat. 64(1): 129-212.
additional source	Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2025). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. searched on YYYY-MM-DD.
additional source	Tomas, C.R. (Ed.). (1997). Identifying marine phytoplankton. Academic Press: San Diego, CA [etc.] (USA). ISBN 0-12-693018-X. XV, 858 pp.
new combination reference	Balech, E. (1985). The genus Alexandrium or Gonyaulax of the tamarensis group. In: D.M. Anderson, A.W. White and D.G. Baden (Eds.) Toxic Dinoflagellates. New York: Elsevier. P. 33–38.
toxicology source	Bass E.J., Pinion J.P. & Sharif M.E. 1983. Characterization of a hemolysin from Gonyaulax monilata Howell. Aquat. Toxicol. 3: 15-22.
toxicology source	Hsia, M. H.; Morton, S. L.; Smith, L. L.; Beauchesne, K. R.; Huncik, K. M.; Moeller, P. D. (2006). Production of goniodomin A by the planktonic, chain-forming dinoflagellate Alexandrium monilatum (Howell) Balech isolated from the Gulf Coast of the United States. Harmful Algae. 5(3): 290-299.
toxicology source	Clemons G.P., Pinion J.P., Bass E., Pham D.V., Sharif M. & Wutoh J.G. 1980. A hemolytic principle associated with the red-tide dinoflagellate Gonyaulax monilata. Toxicon 18: 323-326.

Genbank

Taxonomy

Published in AlgaeBase

Citation

Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2025). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway (taxonomic information republished from AlgaeBase with permission of M.D. Guiry). Alexandrium monilatum (J.F.Howell) Balech, 1995. Via: Costello, M.J.; Bouchet, P.; Boxshall, G.; Arvantidis, C.; Appeltans, W. (2011) European Register of Marine Species, Accessed through PESI at http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:231875