Higher Classification: > Kingdom Animalia > Subkingdom Eumetazoa > Phylum Platyhelminthes > Subphylum Rhabditophora > Superclass Neodermata > Class Trematoda > Subclass Digenea > Order Plagiorchiida > Suborder Gymnophallata > Superfamily Gymnophalloidea > Family Fellodistomidae > Subfamily Fellodistominae > Genus Proctoeces

Proctoeces maculatus (Looss, 1901) Odhner, 1911

Rank: Species
Taxon Status: accepted

Relationships towards this taxon

Genus group names

*Proctoeces*	Odhner, 1911	accepted genus name

Species group names

*Distomum maculatum*	Looss, 1901	synonym

Literature

basis of record	Gibson, D.I. (2001). Digenea, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 136-142
additional source	Dolgikh, A. V.,. (1965). Progenetic metacercaria of the genus Proctoeces in Black Sea molluscs. Material[l Nauchno~ Konferentsii Vsesoyuznogo Obshchestva Gel'mintologov,. (2): 84–88. (In Russian).
additional source	Overstreet, R. M. (1969). Digenetic trematodes of marine teleost fishes from Biscayne Bay, Florida. Tulane Studies in Zoology and Botany. 15, 119-176.
additional source	Overstreet, R. M., J. O. Cook, and R. W. Heard. 2009. Trematoda (Platyhelminthes) of the Gulf of Mexico, Pp. 419–486 in Felder, D.L. and D.K. Camp (eds.), Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and Biota. Biodiversity. Texas A&M Press, College Station, Texas.
additional source	Dennis, E. A.; Sharp, M.; Douglass, R. (1974). Carbohydrate reserves and phosphatase activity in the mollusc-trematode relationship of Mytilus edulis L. and Proctoeces maculatus (Looss, 1901) Odhner, 1911. Journal of Helminthology. 48 (1): 1–14.
additional source	Titus, M.; Varetto, I.; Grosser, C.; Russo, E.; Davinack, A. (2025). First molecular characterization of Proctoeces maculatus (Looss, 1901) (Digenea: Fellodistomidae) infecting blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) from the northeastern USA. Journal of Helminthology. 99.
additional source	Radujkovic, B.; Sundic, D. (2014). Parasitic flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Monogenea, Digenea, Cestoda) of fishes from the Adriatic Sea. Natura Montenegrina. 13 (1):7–280.
additional source	Brahim Tazi, N. A., Meddour, A., Bayssade-Dufour, C., Boutiba, Z. (2009). Investigation sur les parasites digena de Mullus surmuletus Linné, 1758 dans le littoral Algérien. European Journal of Scientific Research. 25: 448–462.
additional source	Tripp, M. R., Turner, R. M. (1978). Effect of the trematode Proctoeces maculatus on the mussel Mytilus edulis, In: L. A. Bulla Jr. and T. C. Cheng (Editors). Comparative Pathobiology. Volume 4. Invertebrate models for biomedical research. New York and London: Plenum Press, 73-84.
additional source	Liu, J.Y. [Ruiyu] (ed.). (2008). Checklist of marine biota of China seas. China Science Press. 1267 pp.
additional source	Korniychuk, Y. M. (2004). New data on structure of parasite system of the trematode Proctoeces maculatus (Looss, 1901) Odhner, 1911 for the Black Sea. Morskyi Ekolohichnyi Zhurnal. 3: 78. (In Russian).
additional source	Dupouy, J., Martinez, J. C. (1973). Action de Proctoeces maculatus (Loose, 1901) (Trematoda, Fellodistomatidae) sur le developpement de gonads chez Mytilus galloprovincialis Lmk. Compte Rendu Hebdomadaire des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences, Paris,. 277D: 1889–1892.
additional source	Machkevsky, V. K. (1985). Some aspects of the biology of the trematode, Proctoeces maculatus, in connection with the development of mussel farms in the Black Sea. In: Hargis, W.J., Jr. (ed.). Parasitology and pathology of marine organisms of the world ocean. NOAA Technical Report, National Marine Fisheries Service, NMFS, Seattle, Washington, 135 pp. : 109–110.
additional source	Antar, R., Gargouri Ben Abdallah, L. (2013). Trematodes in fishes of the genus Diplodus (Teleostei, Sparidae) from Bizerte Lagoon (Northern coast of Tunisia). Bulletin of the European Association of fish Pathologists. 33: 44–52.
additional source	Gargouri Ben Abdallah, L., Elbohli, S., Maamouri, F. (2010). Digenean diversity in labrid fish from the Bay of Bizerte in Tunisia. Journal of Helminthology. 84: 27–33.
additional source	Ferrer, J. (1981). Proctoeces maculatus (Loos, 1901 Odher, 1911) (Trematoda, Digenea): Origen y desappollo de una estructura sensorial de la Cercaria. Miscellania Zoologica, 7, 25-33
source of synonymy	Martinez, J. C. (1974). La progenèse dans le cycle evolutif de Proctoeces maculatus (Looss, 1901) Odhner, 1911 (Trematoda, Fellodistomatidae). Bulletin de la Société d'Histoire Naturelle de l'Afrique du Nord. 64 (3/4): 39–46.
redescription	Prevot, G. (1965). Complement a la connaissance de Proctoeces maculatus (Looss, 1901) Odhner, 1911 [syn. P. erythraeus Odhner, 1911 et P. subtenuis (Linton, 1907) Hanson, 1950]. (Trematoda, Digenea, Fellodistomatidae),. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France. 90: 175–179.
redescription	Dolgikh, A. V.,. (1967). On progenesis in trematodes of the genus Proctoeces Odhner, 1911. Parazitologiya. 1: 219–221. (In Russian.).
redescription	Lang, W. H., Dennis, E. A. (1976). Morphology and seasonal incidence of infection of Proctoeces maculatus (Looss, 1901) Odhner, 1911 (Trematoda) in Mytilus edulis L.,. Ophelia. 15 (1): 65–75.
redescription	Belousova, Y. V. (2022). The first data on larvae of trematodes from the gastropod Hydrobia acuta in the Black Sea. Biology Bulletin. 49 (1): 21–28.
redescription	Dawes, B. (1947). The Trematoda of British Fishes. Ray Society, London. 364 pp.
redescription	Gaevskaya, A. V. (2014). Parasite, diseases and pests of mussels (Mytilus, Mytilidae). X. Trematoda. EKOSI-Gidrofizika, Sevastopol: 255 pp. (In Ukrainian).
redescription	Stunkard, H. W. (1983). The marine cercariae of the Woods Hole, Massachusetts region, a review and a revision. Biological Bulletin. 164 (2): 143–162.
redescription	Shaikh, G.S., Bilqees, F. M., Khan, A. (2010). New host record and redescription of Proctoeces maculatus (Looss, 1901) Khan and Bilqees, 1990. International Journal of Biology and Biotechnology (Pakistan). 7 (1-2): 27–31.
redescription	Bray, R. A.; Gibson, D. I. (1980). The Fellodistomidae (Digenea) of fishes from the northeast Atlantic. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology. 37(4), 199-293.
redescription	Yamaguti, S. (1934). Studies on the helminth fauna of Japan. Part 2. Trematodes of fishes. I. Japanese Journal of Zoology. 5: 249-541.
redescription	Le Pommelet, E., Bartoli, P., Silan, P. (1997). Biodiversité des digènes et autres helminthes intestinaux des Rougets: Synthèse pour Mullus surmuletus (Linné, 1758) et M. barbatus (L. 1758) dans le bassin méditerranéen. Annales des Sciences Naturelles - Zoologie et Biologie Animale. 18: 117–133.
redescription	Skrjabin, K. I., Koval, V. P. (1957). Family Fellodistomatidae Nicoll, 1913. Osnovy Trematodologii. 13: 163-452. (In Russian).
redescription	Stunkard, H. W. (1970). The marine cercariae of the Woods Hole Massachusetts Region. Biological Bulletin. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole. 138: 66–76.
redescription	Yamaguti S. (1975). A synoptical review of life histories of digenetic trematodes of vertebrates with special reference to the morphology of their larval forms. Tokyo, Keigaku Publishing Co. pp. LXI I + 590 + 219 plates.
redescription	Naidenova, N.N. (1974). Parazitofauna ryb semeystva bychkovykh Chernogo i Azovskogo morey. [Parasitofauna of fishes of the Family Gobiidae of the Black Sea and of the Sea of Asov. ]. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSSR, Alexander Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas, Kiev. 182 pp.
redescription	Gaevskaya, A.V., V.V. Gubanov, V.K. Machkevskij, N.N. Najdenova, R.I. Salonchenko, L.P. Tkachuk & E.V. Kholodkovskaya. (1990). Parazity, komensaly i bolezni chernomorskoi midii. Parasites, commensals and diseases of the Black Sea mussel. Naukova Dumka, Kiev 129pp.
redescription	Stunkard, H. W.; Uzmann, J. R. (1959). The life-cycle of the digenetic trematode, Proctoeces maculatus (Looss, 1901) Odhner, 1911 [Syn. P. subtenuis (Linton, 1907) Hanson, 1950], and description of Cercaria adranocera n. sp. Biological Bulletin. 116: 184–193.
redescription	Shen, J. W., & Qiu, Z. Z. (1995). Studies on the trematodes of fishes from the Yellow Sea and the Bo Hai Sea. Beijing: Science Press. 207 pp. (In Chinese).
redescription	Vlasenko, P. (1931). [On the parasitic worm fauna of fishes of the Black Sea]. Trudy Karadahs'koyi Nauchnoyi Stantsiyi imeni T.I. Vyazems'koho. 4, 88–136. (In Russian and German).
redescription	Ji, S.J., J.W. Joo, S.H. Kim, D.H. Ahn, M.S. Kim, J.H.Lee, H.M.Yang, G.H. Lee, E.J.Nam, T.S. Park, A.B. Jöst, H.M. Pham, J. Park, J.H. Park, .Y.Keum, I. Karanovic, T. Karanovic, J.K.Park, C.L. Jung & G.S. Min. (2023). Unrecorded species of Korean invertebrates discovered through the project of 'Discovery of Korean Indigenous Species' II. Journal of Species Research. 12 (1): 68–89.
redescription	Radujković, B.M., Orecchia, P., Paggi, L. (1989). Parasites des poissons marin du Montenegro: digènes. Acta Adriatica. 30(1-2): 137-187.
redescription	Wardle, W. J. (1980). On the life-cycle stages of Proctoeces maculatus (Digenea: Fellodistomidae) in mussels and fishes from Galveston Bay, Texas,. Bulletin of Marine Science. 30: 737–743.
redescription	Manter, H. W., Pritchard, M. H. (1962). Studies on digenetic trematodes of Hawaiian fishes: Families Fellodistomatidae, Opistholebetidae and Gyliauchenidae. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society. 81, 113–123.
redescription	Shimazu, T. (1984). Proctoeces maculatus from Wakkanai, northern Hokkaido, Japan, with comments on the validity of other species in the genus Proctoeces (Trematoda: Fellodistomidae). Proceedings of the Japanese Society of Systematic Zoology. Supplement No. 29: 1-15.
redescription	Vermaak, A.; Kudlai, O.; Yong, R. Q.-Y.; Smit, N. J. (2023). Novel insights into the genetics, morphology, distribution and hosts of the global fish parasitic digenean Proctoeces maculatus (Looss, 1901) (Digenea: Fellodistomidae). Parasitology. 1-37.
redescription	Antar, R.; Gargouri, L. (2016). Morphology and molecular analysis of life-cycle stages of Proctoeces maculatus (Looss, 1901) (Digenea: Fellodistomidae) in the Bizerte Lagoon, Tunisia. Journal of Helminthology. 90 (6): 726–736.
redescription	Bray, R. A. (1983). On the fellodistomid genus Proctoeces Odhner, 1911 (Digenea), with brief comments on two other fellodistomid genera. Journal of Natural History. 17(3): 321-339.
redescription	Bilqees, F.M.; Khan, A. (1991). Two digenetic trematodes from freshwater fishes of Kalri Lake, Sind, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Zoology. 23 (2), 105-113.
redescription	Greze, V. N., Delyamure, S. L. & Nikolaeva, V. M. (Eds.). (1975). Key to the parasites of vertebrates of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov. Kiev: Naukova Dumka, 551 pp. (In Russian).
new combination reference	Odhner, T. (1911). Zum naturlichen System der digenen Trematoden. III. (Ein weitere Fall von sekundärum Anus). Zoologischer Anzeiger. 38: 97-117.
biology source	Evensen, K. G.; Figueroa, A. E.; Goncalves, A. M.; Chan, T. J.; Vu, E. B.; Hounain, I.; Poynton, H. C. (2023). Prevalence and effects of a parasitic trematode on the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis, in the Boston Harbor. Experimental Parasitology. 254: 108624.