Higher Classification: > Kingdom Animalia > Subkingdom Eumetazoa > Phylum Annelida > Class Polychaeta

Echiura Sedgwick, 1898

Rank: Subclass
Taxon Status: accepted

Children

Echiura incertae sedis
Echiuroidea

Vernaculars (+) (-)

Dutch: lepelwormen; slurfwormen; zandwormen sources: Faasse, M. (2016). First record of the mud volcano worm Maxmuelleria lankesteri in the Netherlands (Echiura). Nederlandse Faunistische Mededelingen. 47: 27–30.

English: echiuroid worms; spoon worms sources: Cole, T. C. H. (2017). Wörterbuch der Wirbellosen / Dictionary of Invertebrates. Latein-Deutsch-English. 2017. Springer Spektrum: Berlin. ISBN 978-3-662-52869-3. XII, 574 pp.

French: échiuriens

German: Echiuriden; Igelwürmer; Stachelschwänze sources: Cole, T. C. H. (2017). Wörterbuch der Wirbellosen / Dictionary of Invertebrates. Latein-Deutsch-English. 2017. Springer Spektrum: Berlin. ISBN 978-3-662-52869-3. XII, 574 pp.

Japanese: ユムシ動物; ユムシ動物門 sources: Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology. (2009 onwards). Biological Information System for Marine Life (BISMaL). Accessed on 2018-11-21.

Spanish, Castillian: equiuroideos

Swedish: skedmaskar

Literature

original description	Sedgwick, A.1898. A student's textbook of zoology: London, Swan Sonnenschein & Co. Ltd..
additional source	Margulis, L.; Schwartz, K.V. (1998). Five Kingdoms: an illustrated guide to the Phyla of life on earth. 3rd edition. Freeman: New York, NY (USA). ISBN 0-7167-3027-8. xx, 520 pp.
additional source	Goto, Ryutaro. (2017). The Echiura of Japan: diversity, classification, phylogeny, and their associated fauna. In Motokawa, M., Kajihara, H. (eds). Species Diversity of Animals in Japan. pp. 513–542. Springer Japan, Tokyo.
status source	McHugh, Damhnait. (1997). Molecular evidence that echiurans and pogonophorans are derived annelids. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 94: 8006–8009.
status source	Goto, R. (2016). A comprehensive molecular phylogeny of spoon worms (Echiura, Annelida): implications for morphological evolution, the origin of dwarf males, and habitat shifts. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 99: 247–260.
status source	Ruggiero, M. A.; Gordon, D. P.; Orrell, T. M.; Bailly, N.; Bourgoin, T.; Brusca, R. C.; Cavalier-Smith, T.; Guiry, M. D.; Kirk, P. M. (2015). Correction: A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms. PLoS ONE. 10(4): e0119248.
taxonomy source	Stephen, A. C., Edmonds, S. J. (1972). The Phyla Sipuncula and Echiura. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London.
taxonomy source	Bock, S. (1942). On the structure and affinities of "Thalassema" lankesteri Herdman and the classification of the group Echiuroidea. Göteborgs Kungliga Vetenskaps- och Vitterhets-Samhälles Handlingar, Sjätte följden. Ser. B. 2(6): 1–94.
taxonomy source	Fisher, W. K. (1946). Echiuroid worms of the North Pacific Ocean. Proceedings of the United States National Museum. 96: 215–292, plates 20–37.
taxonomy source	Stephen, A. C. (1965). A revision of the classification of the phylum Sipuncula. Annals and Magazine of Natural History. (Series 13) 7 (80): 457–462.
taxonomy source	Goto, R., Monnington, J., Sciberras, M., Hirabayashi, I., Rouse, G. W. (2020). Phylogeny of Echiura updated, with a revised taxonomy to reflect their placement in Annelida as sister group to Capitellidae. Invertebrate Systematics. 34(1): 101–111.
identification resource	Hayward, P.J. & J.S. Ryland (Eds.). (1990). The marine fauna of the British Isles and North-West Europe: 1. Introduction and protozoans to arthropods. Clarendon Press: Oxford, UK. 627 pp.