Higher Classification: > Kingdom Animalia > Subkingdom Eumetazoa > Phylum Chordata > Subphylum Tunicata > Class Ascidiacea > Order Stolidobranchia > Family Pyuridae > Genus Microcosmus

Microcosmus exasperatus Heller, 1878

Rank: Species
Taxon Status: accepted

Relationships towards this taxon

Genus group names

*Microcosmus*	Heller, 1877	accepted genus name
*Pyurella*	Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1973	synonym

Literature

original description	Heller, C. (1878). Beitrage zur nahern Kenntniss der Tunicaten. Sitzber. Acad. Wiss. Wien. 77(1): 2-28.
basis of record	Monniot, C. (2001). Ascidiacea & Sorberacea. In: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels. 50: pp. 352-355.
additional source	Rocha, R. M.; Bonnet, N. Y. K; Baptista, M. S.; Beltramin, F. S. (2012). Introduced and native Phlebobranch and Stolidobranch solitary ascidians (Tunicata: Ascidiacea) around Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. Zoologia. 29(1):39-53.
additional source	Monniot, C.; Monniot, F. (1976). Ascidies de la Côte du Mozambique. [Ascidians from the Mozambique coast.]. Rev. Zool. Afr. 90(2): 357-392.
additional source	van der Land, J. (ed). (2008). UNESCO-IOC Register of Marine Organisms (URMO).
additional source	Liu, J.Y. [Ruiyu] (ed.). (2008). Checklist of marine biota of China seas. China Science Press. 1267 pp.
additional source	Zenetos, A., M.E. Cinar, M.A. Pancucci-Papadopoulou, J.G. Harmelin, G. Furnari, F. Andaloro, N. Bellou, N. Streftaris & H. Zibrowius. (2005). Annotated list of marine alien species in the Mediterranean with records of the worst invasive species. Mediterranean Marine Science. 6 (2): 63-118.
additional source	Streftaris, N., A. Zenetos & E. Papathanassiou. (2005). Globalisation in marine ecosystems: the story of non-indigenous marine species across European seas. Oceanogry and Marine Biology: an Annual Review. 43: 419-453.
additional source	Cole, L. and G. Lambert. 2009. Tunicata (Urochordata) of the Gulf of Mexico, Pp. 1209–1216 in Felder, D.L. and D.K. Camp (eds.), Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and Biota. Biodiversity. Texas A&M Press, College Station, Texas.
additional source	Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea part 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem Qd Mus. 23: 1-440.
additional source	Izquierdo-Muñoz, A.; Díaz-Valdés, M.; Ramos-Esplá, A.A. (2009). Recent non-indigenous ascidians in the Mediterranean Sea. Aquatic Invasions. 4(1): 59-64.
additional source	Zenetos, A., S. Gofas, M. Verlaque, M. Cinar, J. Garcia Raso, C. Bianchi, C. Morri, E. Azzurro, M. Bilecenoglu, C. Froglia, I. Siokou, D. Violanti, A. Sfriso, G. San Martin, A. Giangrande, T. Katagan, E. Ballesteros, A. Ramos-Espla, F. Mastrototaro, O. Ocana, A. Zingone, M,. Gambi & N. Streftaris. (2010). Alien species in the Mediterranean Sea by 2010. A contribution to the application of European Union's Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). Part I. Spatial distribution. Mediterranean Marine Science. 11(2): 381-493.

Genbank

Citation

Shenkar, N.; Gittenberger, A.; Lambert, G.; Rius, M.; Moreira da Rocha, R.; Swalla, B.J.; Turon, X. (2025). Ascidiacea World Database. Microcosmus exasperatus Heller, 1878. Via: Costello, M.J.; Bouchet, P.; Boxshall, G.; Arvantidis, C.; Appeltans, W. (2011) European Register of Marine Species, Accessed through PESI at http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:103838