Higher Classification: > Kingdom Animalia > Subkingdom Eumetazoa > Phylum Annelida

Polychaeta Grube, 1850

Rank: Class
Taxon Status: accepted

Children

Echiura Sedgwick, 1898
Errantia Audouin & H Milne Edwards, 1832
Nerillida
Polychaeta incertae sedis
Sedentaria Lamarck, 1818

Vernaculars (+) (-)

Dutch: borstelwormen; veelborsteligen sources: Hayward, P.; Nelson-Smith, A.; Shields, C. (1999). Gids van kust en strand: flora en fauna [Coast and beach guide: flora and fauna]. Tirion: Baarn, Netherlands. ISBN 90-5210-327-5. 352, ill. pp.;Eneman, E. (1984). Uit het Natuurhistorisch Archief [From the Natural History Archive]. De Strandvlo 4(1): 4-17

English: bristle worms; bristle worms sources: Charles Hussey;Hayward, P.J.; Nelson-Smith, A.; Shields, C. (1996). Collins pocket guide: sea shore of Britain and Europe. Collins pocket guides. Harper-Collins Publishers: London, UK. ISBN 0-00-219955-6. 352 pp.

Swedish: havsborstmaskar

Literature

original description	Grube, Adolf Eduard. (1850). Die Familien der Anneliden. Archiv für Naturgeschichte, Berlin. 16(1): 249-364.
additional source	Margulis, L.; Schwartz, K.V. (1998). Five Kingdoms: an illustrated guide to the Phyla of life on earth. 3rd edition. Freeman: New York, NY (USA). ISBN 0-7167-3027-8. xx, 520 pp.
additional source	Bakken, Torkild; Sneli, Jon-Arne. 2009. Obituary Torleif Holthe (1946-2007). Zoosymposia 2: 13-16
additional source	Mikac, Barbara. (2015). A sea of worms: polychaete checklist of the Adriatic Sea. Zootaxa. 3943(1): 1-172.
additional source	Struck, T. H. 2011. Direction of evolution within Annelida and the definition of Pleistoannelida. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 49(4): 340-345
additional source	Brusca R.C. & Brusca G.J. (2003). Invertabrates. 2nd ed. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland, p. 936.
additional source	Eibye-Jacobsen, Danny. 2009. Obituary Jorgen Bagger Kirkegaard (1920-2006). Zoosymposia 2: 17-20
additional source	Glasby, Christopher J; al Hakim, Inayat. (2017). History of collection and discovery of polychaetes (Annelida), including a bibliography, from the Indo-Malay-Philippines Archipelago and surrounding seas. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 65: 545–558.
additional source	Simakov, Oleg; Marletaz, Ferdinand; Cho, Sung-Jin; Edsinger-Gonzales, Eric; Havlak, Paul; Hellsten, Uffe; Kuo, Dian-Han; Larsson, Tomas; Lv, Jie; Arendt, Detlev; Savage, Robert; Osoegawa, Kazutoyo; de Jong, Pieter; Grimwood, Jane; Chapman, Jarrod A.; Shapiro, Harris; Aerts, Andrea; Otillar, Robert P.; Terry, Astrid Y.; Boore, Jeffrey L.; Grigoriev, Igor V.; Lindberg, David R.; Seaver, Elaine C.; Weisblat, David A.; Putnam, Nicholas H.; Rokhsar, Daniel S. 2012. Insights into bilaterian evolution from three spiralian genomes. Nature advance online publication
additional source	Zrzavý, J.; Xíha, P.; Piálek, L.; Janouškovec, J. (2009). Phylogeny of Annelida (Lophotrochozoa): total-evidence analysis of morphology and six genes - art. no. 189. Bmc Evolutionary Biology 9: 189-189.
additional source	Pamungkas, Joko; Glasby, Christopher J.; Read, Geoffrey B.; Wilson, Simon P.; Costello, Mark J. (2019). Progress and perspectives in the discovery of polychaete worms (Annelida) of the world. Helgoland Marine Research. 73(4): [1-10].
additional source	Magalhães, Wagner F.; Hutchings, Pat; Oceguera-Figueroa, Alejandro; Martin, Patrick; Schmelz, Rüdiger M.; Wetzel, Mark J.; Wiklund, Helena; Maciolek, Nancy J.; Kawauchi, Gisele Y.; Williams, Jason D. (2021). Segmented worms (Phylum Annelida): a celebration of twenty years of progress through Zootaxa and call for action on the taxonomic work that remains. Zootaxa. 4979(1): 190-211.
additional source	Pamungkas, Joko; Glasby, Christopher J. (2019). Status of polychaete (Annelida) taxonomy in Indonesia, including a checklist of Indonesian species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 67: 595–639.
additional source	Seaver, Elaine C. (2014). Variation in spiralian development: insights from polychaetes. The International Journal of Developmental Biology. 58(6-7-8): 457-467.
additional source	Rouse, G. W.; Pleijel, F. (2001). Polychaetes. Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK [etc.]. ISBN 0-19-850608-2. 354 pp.
additional source	Jimi, Naoto. (2024). The Polychaetous Annelids of Japan: Updated Checklist of Known Species. Species Diversity. 29(2): 337-377.
additional source	Salazar-Vallejo, S. I.; Carrera-Parra, L. F.; Muir, A. I.; De León-González, J. A.; Piotrowski, C.; Sato, M. (2014). Polychaete species (Annelida) described from the Philippine and China Seas. Zootaxa. 3842(1): 1-68.
additional source	Rouse, G.W.; Fauchald, K. (1997). Cladistics and polychaetes. Zoologica Scripta. 26(2), 139-204.
additional source	Fauchald, K.; Rouse, G.W. (1997). Polychaete systematics: past and present. Zoologica Scripta. 26(2), 71-138.
additional source	Glasby, Christopher J.; Hutchings, Patricia A. ; Fauchald, Kristian; Paxton, Hannelore; Rouse, Gregory W.; Watson Russell, Charlotte; Wilson, Robin S. (2000). Class Polychaeta. In: Beesley, P.L.; Ross, G.B.; Glasby, C.J. (eds). Polychaetes & Allies: The Southern Synthesis. [Book]. p. 1-296. Fauna of Australia. Vol. 4A.
taxonomy source	Jimi, Naoto. (2024). The Polychaetous Annelids of Japan: Updated Checklist of Known Species. Species Diversity. 29(2): 337-377.
identification resource	Fauchald, K. (1972). Benthic polychaetous annelids from deep water off western Mexico and adjacent areas in the Eastern Pacific Ocean. Allan Hancock Monographs in Marine Biology. 7: 1-575.
identification resource	Kirkegaard, J. B. (1995). Bathyal and abyssal polychaetes (errant species). Galathea Report. 17: 7-56.
identification resource	Fauchald, K. (1977). The polychaete worms, definitions and keys to the orders, families and genera. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County: Los Angeles, CA (USA), Science Series. 28:1-188.
identification resource	Fauvel, P. (1923). Polychètes errantes. Faune de France. Librairie de la Faculte des Sciences. Paris. 5: 1-488.
identification resource	Hartman, O. (1965). Deep-water benthic polychaetous annelids off New England to Bermuda and other North Atlantic areas. Occasional Papers of the Allan Hancock Foundation. 28: 1-384.
identification resource	Hartman, O. 1968. Atlas of the errantiate polychaetous annelids from California. 1-828. Allan Hancock Foundation, University of Southern California. Los Angeles.
identification resource	Hartman, Olga. (1967). Polychaetous annelids collected by the USNS Eltanin and Staten Island cruises, chiefly from Antarctic Seas. Allan Hancock Monographs in Marine Biology. 2: 1-387.
identification resource	Blake, J.A. 1994. Introduction to the Polychaeta, in J.A. Blake and B. Hilbig eds., Taxonomic Atlas of the Benthic Fauna of the Santa Maria Basin and Western Santa Barbara Channel: Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, p. 39-113.
identification resource	Hartmann-Schröder, G. (1996). Annelida, Borstenwürmer, Polychaeta [Annelida, bristleworms, Polychaeta]. 2nd revised ed. The fauna of Germany and adjacent seas with their characteristics and ecology, 58. Gustav Fischer: Jena, Germany. ISBN 3-437-35038-2. 648 pp.
identification resource	Hartmann-Schröder, Gesa; Duff, Alexandra [editor]; Kingston, Paul [editor]; Ingold, Maggie [translator]; Riddle, Martin [translator]. (1987). Key to polychaete annelids from the North Sea and Baltic approaches. A translation of the keys contained in Die Tierwelt Deutschland's und angrenzender Meeresteile, Annelida. Borstenwürmer, Polychaeta [1971] by Dr. Gesa Hartmann-Schroder. [booklet]. 63pp. Institute of Offshore Engineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh.
identification resource	Uebelacker, Joan M.; Johnson, Paul G. (eds). (1984). Taxonomic guide to the polychaetes of the Northern Gulf of Mexico. Final report to the Minerals Management Service, contract 14-12-001-29091. Volumes 1-7, Barry M. Vittor & Associates. Mobile, Alabama.
identification resource	Kirkegaard, J. B. (1996). Bathyal and Abyssal Polychaetes (sedentary species I). Galathea Report. 17: 57-77.
identification resource	Knox, George A.; Cameron, D.B. (1998). The Marina Fauna of the Ross Sea: Polychaeta. NIWA Biodiversity Memoir. 108: 1-125.
identification resource	Monro, Charles Carmichael Arthur. (1930). Polychaete worms. Discovery Reports, Cambridge. 2: 1-222.
identification resource	Fauvel, P. (1927). Polychètes sédentaires. Addenda aux errantes, Arachiannélides, Myzostomaires. Faune de France Volume 16. Paul Lechevalier. Paris. 1-494.
identification resource	Hartman, O. (1969). Atlas of the sedentariate polychaetous annelids from California. 1-812. Allan Hancock Foundation, University of Southern California. Los Angeles.
identification resource	Nygren, A; Hall, R.; Pleijel, F. (2013). Bestämningsnyckel till och presentation av svenska familjer av havsborstmaskar. 89 pp. [Determination Key to polychaetes and presentation of Swedish families of polychaetes.]
identification resource	Day, J.H. (1967). A monograph on the Polychaeta of Southern Africa. British Museum (Natural History). London. vol 1 & vol 2, 1-878.
identification resource	Blake, James A.; Ruff, R. Eugene (2007). Polychaeta. In: Carlton, J.T. (ed.). The Light and Smith Manual. Intertidal Invertebrates from Central California to Oregon, pp. 309-410. University of California Press, Berkeley.
identification resource	Hartman, O.; Fauchald, K. (1971). Deep-water benthic polychaetous annelids off New England to Bermuda and other North Atlantic Areas. Part II. Allan Hancock Monographs in Marine Biology. 6: 1-327.
identification resource	Jirkov, I.A. (2001). [Polychaeta of the Arctic Ocean] (In Russian) Polikhety severnogo Ledovitogo Okeana. Yanus-K Press, Moscow, 632 pp.
identification resource	Wilson, Robin S.; Hutchings Pat, A.; Glasby, C. J. 2003. Polychaetes: An Interactive Identification Guide. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne.
biology source	Bhaud, M. R.; Cazaux, Claude P.; with contributions from Watson Russell, C; Lefevre, M. (1987). Description and identification of polychaete larvae; their implications in current biological problems. Oceanis. 13(6): : 595-753.